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The following base data types are distinguished:

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String

A string is a character sequence, i.e., a sequence of characters (e.g., letters, digits, special characters, and control characters). Strings must always be written between two single or double quotes.
"Value1, Value2, Value3, Value4"String
'Value1, Value2, Value3, Value4'String
Value1, Value2, Value3, Value4not a string (quotes missing)

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Concatenation

With the + operator, it is possible to combine multiple strings. In this example, we create variables for a greeting and put them together. 
{{ var $greeting = "Welcome " }}
{{ var $customer = "new customer"}}
{{ var $genericGreeting= $greeting + $customer}} 
{{= $genericGreeting}} // Welcome new customer
Only strings can be concatenated. Nevertheless, it is possible to convert other variables into a string in order to concatenate them with a string. 
{{ var $quantity = 1}}
{{ var $text = "Quantity: " + string($quantity) + "!" }}
{{= $text}} // Quantity: 1!
Other base types can be converted to string: 
Boolean: {{= string(true) }} // "true"
Integer: {{= string(1) }} // "1"
Float: {{= string(1.1) }} // "1.1"

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Integer

Integers are whole numbers (numbers without decimal places).
10Integer
20.00not an integer (decimal places present)

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Float

Floats are floating-point numbers with a period as the decimal separator.
10.25Float
10,25not a float (invalid syntax: comma as decimal separator)

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Converting to float

Other base types can be converted to float: 
String: {{= float("1.1")}} // 1.1
Integer: {{= float(1) }} // 1.0
Boolean: {{= float(true) }} // 1.0

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Boolean/Bool (true/false)

A bool is a truth value and can only be true or false.
truetruth value true
falsetruth value false
"true"not a truth value (wrong syntax: string)
Boolean values are mostly produced in combination with comparison operators. For example, when comparing one value with another, the result is either true or false. 
{{ if $quantity == 1 }}
    Displayed when the value of the variable $quantity equals 1.
{{ /if }}

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truthy and falsy

Not only values of the data type bool contain a truth value. Objects of all other data types also have a value property referred to as truthy or falsy. In the context of logical operators and branching, it is important to know when a value is considered true or false. Here is a list of all values that are falsy and are therefore treated as false: ▪ null, the value of the Null data type ▪ false ▪ the number 0 (Integer) or 0.0 (Float) ▪ an empty string ” ” ▪ an empty list [ ] ▪ an empty map All other values are treated as truthy.

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Converting to boolean

Other base types can be converted to boolean: 
String: {{= bool(" ")}} // true
String: {{= bool("")}} // false
Integer: {{= bool(1) }} // true
Integer: {{= bool(0) }} // false
Float: {{= bool(1.0) }} // true
Float: {{= bool(0.0) }} // false

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List

A list is a series of values, comma-separated and enclosed in square brackets. An empty list is written with square brackets containing nothing.
[1, 2, 3]filled list
[ ]empty list
The spaces between the values are optional.

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Distinct

If a list contains multiple entries that are identical, this function can be used to remove all duplicate entries. Arguments list - list to be processed key - (optional) map key to be used for comparison with other maps. Example 
{{ var $list = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1 ] }}
{{= distinct($list) }} // Result: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]
{{ $list = [ "a", 1, "b", true, 2, "a", true, true, {"x": 1, "y": 1}, {"x": 1, "y": 2} ] }}
{{= distinct($list) }} // Result: [ "a", 1, "b", true, 2, , {"x": 1, "y": 1}, {"x": 1, "y": 2} ]
For objects, you can specify a key to define which field should be used for comparison. 
{{ var $list = [ 1, {"x": 1, "y": 1}, {"x": 1, "y": 2}, {"x": 2, "y": 2} ] }}
{{= $list | distinct("x") }} // Result: [ 1, {"x": 1, "y": 1}, {"x": 2, "y": 2} ]

similar notation without pipe:
{{= distinct($list, "x") }}

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Merge

Two lists can be merged with each other. Additional information: in addition to using a function, the + operator ($list1 + $list2) can also be used. Arguments target - list to be used as the base for the merge source - list with which the target should be extended 
{{ var $list1 = [ 1, 2, 3 ] }}
{{ var $list2 = [ 3, 4, 5] }}
{{ var $list3 = merge($list1, $list2) }}
{{= $list3 }} // Result: [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5]

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Map

A map is a list of key-value pairs written inside curly braces. The key and its value are separated by a colon. The individual key-value pairs are separated by commas. An empty map is written with curly braces containing nothing.
{ name: "Shirt", price: "12.95", image: "shirt-blue.jpg" }filled map
{ "404": "Not found", "301": "Moved Permanently" }filled map
{ "Name, Description , Price, Additional info" }not a map (invalid syntax)
{ }empty map
If a key contains characters other than digits (0-9), letters (a-z, A-Z), or underscores (_) or begins with a digit/underscore, it must be specified as a string in quotes. When outputting maps, the order of the individual key-value pairs is not preserved.

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Merge

Two maps can be merged with each other. With maps, when content differs, the content of the second entry is used. Nested maps can also be taken into account. Arguments target - map to be used as the base for the merge source - map with which the target should be extended deep - optional flag indicating whether the nesting of maps should be taken into account (default: false) Example - merging two maps. 
{{ var $map1 = { "a": 1, "b": 2, "c": { "x": 10, "y": 11 } } }}
{{ var $map2 = { "a": 2, "c": { "z": 12 }, "d": true } }}
{{ var $map3 = merge($map1, $map2) }}
{{= $map3 }}  // Result: { "a": 2, "b": 2, "c":{ "z": 12 }, "d": true }
Example - deep merge of two maps: 
{{ var $map1 = { "a": 1, "b": 2, "c": { "x": 10, "y": 11 } } }}
{{ var $map2 = { "a": 2, "c": { "z": 12 }, "d": true } }}
{{ var $map3 = merge($map1, $map2, true) }}
{{= $map3 }}  // Result: { "a": 2, "b": 2, "c":{ "x": 10, "y": 11, "z": 12 }, "d": true }